Studies

Independent validation, proven results

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At Mimic, we understand that independent validation is of utmost importance to our customers. We are proud to say that the dV-Trainer^® has demonstrated face, content, construct, and concurrent validity in multiple studies. More recently, studies have concluded that the dV-Trainer^® is comparable to dry-lab training on the da Vinci^® robot (concurrent validity), and efforts are underway to assess the predictive validity of the simulator.

Search for a Study by year, publication, institution or validity.

Validation Definitions:
Face: Realistic look and feel   Content: Useful as a training tool   Construct: Ability to distinguish between Novice and Expert users    Concurrent: Compares to a similar or related construct (Dry Labs, Tissue Lab, etc.)  Predictive: Predicts actual performance in the O.R.

Published Study	Date	Publication	Authors	Institution	Confirmed validity
Simulation-Based Training in Robotic Surgery: Contemporary and Future Methods	2021	Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques	Lucas W. Thornblade, Yuman Fong	City of Hope, CA, USA	Other
Should Robotic Surgery Simulation Be Introduced in the Core Surgical Training Curriculum?	2021	Frontiers in Surgery	Bhakhri Kunal, Harrison-Phipps K., Harling Leanne, Routledge T.	Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom	Other
Surgical Education in the Digital Age - Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Robotics in the Medical School	2021	Europe PMC	Kuhn S, Huettl F, Deutsch K, Kirchgässner E, Huber T, Kneist W.	Universitätsmedizin Mainz	Other
Proving the Effectiveness of the Fundamentals of Robotic Surgery(FRS) Skills Curriculum	2019	Annals of Surgery	Satava, Richard M. MD, FACS; Stefanidis, Dimitrios MD, PhD; Levy, Jeffrey S. MD; Smith, Roger PhD; Martin, John R. MD; Monfared, Sara MD; Timsina, Lava R. PhD; Darzi, Ara Wardkes MD; Moglia, Andrea PhD; Brand, Timothy C. MD; Dorin, Ryan P. MD; Dumon, Kristoffel R. MD; Francone, Todd D. MD; Georgiou, Evangelos MD PhD; Goh, Alvin C. MD; Marcet, Jorge E. MD; Martino, Martin A. MD; Sudan, Ranjan MD; Vale, Justin MBBS; Gallagher, Anthony G. PhD	Various	Proficiency
Robotic simulation training for urological trainees: a comprehensive review on cost, merits and challenges	2019	Journal of Robotic Surgery	Eoin MacCraith, James C. Forde, Niall F. Davis	Connoly Hospital Dublin	Comparison
Self-debriefing Model Based on an Integrated Video-Capture System: An Efficient Solution to Skill Degradation	2019	Journal of Surgical Education	Yang Kun PhDMD, Jacques Hubert PhDMD, Luo Bin Ph, Wang Xing Huan PhDMD	Wuhan University, China	Other
A comprehensive review of robotic surgery curriculum and training for residents, fellows, and postgraduate surgical education	2019	Surgical Endoscopy	Richard Chen, Priscila Rodrigues Armijo, Crystal Krause, SAGES Robotic Task Force,Ka-Chun Siu, Dmitry Oleynikov	Various	Proficiency
The value of a 1-day multidisciplinary robot surgery training for novice robot surgeons	2019	Journal of Robotic Surgery	Alexander. J. W. Beulen, Willem M. Brinkman, Petra J. Porte, Richard P. Meijer, Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer, Henk G. Van der Poel, Cordula Wagner	Various	Other
The Effect of Visual-Spatial Ability on the Learning of Robot-Assisted Surgical Skills	2018	Journal of Surgical Education	Takashige Abe MD, PhD*†, Nicholas Raison MBBS*, Nobuo Shinohara MD, PhD†, M.Shamim Khan FRCS*, Kamran Ahmed FRCS, PhD*, Prokar Dasgupta FRCS, MD*	Kings College London	Other
A Model for Predicting the Gears Score from Virtual Reality Surgical Simulator Metrics	2018	Surgical Endoscopy	Ariel Kate Dubin, Danielle Julian, Alyssa Tanaka, Patricia Mattingly, Roger Smith	Florida Hospital	Scoring
Skills in Minimally Invasive and Open Surgery Show Limited Transferability to Robotic Surgery: Results from a Prospective Study	2018	Surgical Endoscopy	Karl-Friedrich Kowalewski, Mona W. Schmidt, Tanja Proctor, Moritz Pohl, Erica Wennberg ,Emir Karadza, Philipp Romero, Hannes G. Kenngott, Beat P. Müller-Stich, Felix Nicke	University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany	Proficiency/Skill
Proficiency-based Training of Medical Students Using Virtual Simulators for Laparoscopy and Robot-assisted Surgery: Results of a Pilot Study	2018	Updates in Surgery	Andrea Moglia, Sara Sinceri, Vincenzo Ferrari, Mauro Ferrari, Franco Mosca, Luca Morelli	ENDOCAS Pisa, Italy	Proficiency/Skill
Does Previous Laparoscopic Experience Influence Basic Robotic Surgical Skills?	2018	Journal of Surgical Education	Marcelo Pimentel MSc, PhD?‡, Renan Desimon Cabral MSc†, Márcio Machado Costa MSc, PhD‡, Brasil Silva Neto MSc, PhD†, Leandro Tott iCavazzola MSc, PhD⁎§	Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil	Proficiency/Skill
Patient-Specific Virtual Simulation-A State of the Art Approach to Teach Renal Tumor Localization	2018	Urology	Arun Rai, Jason M. Scovella, AngXua Adithy Balasubramaniana, Ryan Siller, Taylor Kohn, Young Moon, Naveen Yadav, Richard E. Linka	Scott department of Urology, Houston	Patient Specific Modeling
Multimodal Sensorimotor Integration for Expert-in-the-Loop Telerobotic Surgical Training	2018	IEEE Transactions on Robotics ( Volume: PP, Issue: 99 )	Mahya Shahbazi; S. Farokh Atashzar; Christopher Ward; Heidar Ali Talebi; Rajni V. Patel	Western University, Ontario, Canada	Other
Initial and Long-term Retention of Robotic Technical Skills in an Otolaryngology Residency Program	2018	The Laryngoscope	Sophie G. Shay MD, Jonathan D. Chrin BA, Marilene B. Wang MD, FACS, Abie H. Mendelsohn MD, FACS	Northwestern University, UCLA	Training Methodology
Predictive validation of a robotic virtual reality simulator: The Tube 3 module for practicing vesicourethral anastomosis in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy	2018	Urology	Ji Sung Shim, Tae Il Noh, Jae Yoon Kim, Jong Hyun Pyun, Seok Cho, Mi M iOh, Seok Ho Kang, Jun Cheon, Jeong Gu Lee, Je Jong Kim, Sung Gu Kang	Department of Urology, Korea University. Republic of Korea	Predictive
Proficiency-based Training and Credentialing Can Improve Patient Outcomes and Decrease Cost to a Hospital System	2018	American Journal of Surgery	Vernissia Tam, Jeffrey Borrebach, Stefanie Altieri Dunn, Johanna Bellon, Herbert J.Zeh, Melissa E.Hogg	University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre	Proficiency/Skill
Face and Content Validity of Xperience™ Team Trainer: Bed-side Assistant Training Simulator for Robotic Surgery	2018	Update in Surgery	Sessa L, Perrenot C, Xu S, Hubert J, Bresler L, Brunaud L, Perez M	Loraine University	Face, Content
Correlation of Virtual Reality Simulation and Dry Lab Robotic Technical Skills	2018	Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology	Laura K. Newcomb MD, Megan S. Bradley MD, Tracy Truong MS, Michelle Tang, Bryan Comstock MS, Yi-Ju Li PhD, Anthony G. Visco MD, Nazema Y. Siddiqui MD, MHSc	Duke University Medical Centre	Proficiency/Skill
Distribution of Innate Psychomotor Skills Recognized as Important for Surgical Specialization in Unconditioned Medical Undergraduates	2018	Surgical Endoscopy	Andrea Moglia, Luca Morelli, Vincenzo Ferrari, Mauro Ferrari, Franco Mosca, Alfred Cuschieri	EndoCAS, PIsa	Proficiency/Skill
Residency Training in Robotic General Surgery: A Survey of Program Directors	2018	Minimally Invasive Surgery	Lea C. George, Rebecca O’Neill, and Aziz M. Merchant	Rutgers New Jersey Medical School	Training Methodology
A Comparative Analysis and Guide To Virtual Reality Robotic Surgical Simulators	2018	Int J Med Robotics Comput Assist Surg.	Danielle Julian, Alyssa Tanaka, Patricia Mattingly, Mireille Truong, Manuela Perez, Roger Smith	Florida Hospital, Virginia Commonwealth University	Comparison
Head-to-Head Comparison of Three Virtual-Reality Robotic Surgery Simulators	2018	Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons	Alexandria M. Hertz, MD, Evalyn I. George, BS, Christine M. Vaccaro, DO, Timothy C. Brand, MD	Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington,	Face, Content, Comparison
Does Previous Open Surgical Experience Have Any Influence on Robotic Surgery Simulation Exercises?	2017	Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne	Alin Adrian Cumpanas, Razvan Bardan, Ovidiu Catalin Ferician, Silviu Constantin Latcu, Ciprian Duta, and Fulger Octavian Lazar	Victor Babe University, Timisoara, Romania	Proficiency/Skill
Retention of Laparoscopic and Robotic Skills Among Medical Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial	2017	Surgical Endoscopy	Megan S. Orlando, Lauren Thomaier, Melinda G. Abernethy, Chi Chiung Grace Chen	Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA	Proficiency/Skill
Laparoscopic and Robotic Skills Are Transferable in a Simulation Setting: A Randomized Controlled Trial	2017	Surgical Endoscopy	Lauren Thomaier, Megan Orlando, Melinda Abernethy, Chandhana Paka, Chi Chiung Grace Che	John Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA	Proficiency/Skill
From dV-Trainer to Real Robotic Console: The Limitations of Robotic Skill Training	2017	Surgical Endoscopy	Kun Yang, Manuela Perez, Gabriela Hossu, Nicolas Hubert, Cyril Perrenot, Jacques Hubert	Lorraine University, Nancy, France	Proficiency/Skill
Competency Based Training in Robotic Surgery: Benchmark Scores for Virtual Reality Robotic Simulation	2017	British Journal of Urology International	Nicholas Raison, Kamran Ahmed, Nicola Fossati, Nicolo Buffi, Alexandre Mottrie, Prokar Dasgupta, and Henk Van Der Poel	Kings College London	Proficiency/Skill
Mastery-Based Virtual Reality Robotic Simulation Curriculum: The First Step Toward Operative Robotic Proficiency	2017	Journal of Surgical Education	Melissa E. Hogg, MD, MS, Vernissia Tam, MD, Mazen Zenati, MD, PhD, Stephanie Novak, MS, Jennifer Miller, MD, Amer H. Zureikat, MD, Herbert J. Zeh III, MD	University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre	Proficiency/Skill
Evaluation of Different Time Schedules in Training with the da Vinci Simulator	2017	Surgical Endoscopy	Christian Güldner, Annik Orth, Philipp Otto Georg Dworschak, Isabell Diogo, Magis Mandapathil, Afshin Teymoortash, Ute Walliczek-Dworschak	University of Marburg	Training Methodology
Setting Benchmarks for the New User: Training on the Robotic Simulator	2017	Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons	Shayan M. Dioun, MD, Nicole D. Fleming, MD, Mark F. Munsell, BA, Joseph Lee, MD, Pedro T. Ramirez, MD, Pamela T. Soliman, MD	University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston	Other
A Comparison of Robotic Simulation Performance on Basic Virtual Reality Skills: Simulator Subjective Versus Objective Assessment Tools	2017	Journal of Mimimally invasive Gynecology	Ariel K. Dubin, MD, Roger Smith, PhD, Danielle Julian, MS, Alyssa Tanaka, PhD, Patricia Mattingly, MD	Columbia university Medical Centre, Florida Hospital Nicholson Centre	Scoring
"Alarm-corrected" Ergonomic Armrest Use Could Improve Learning Curves of Novices on Robotic Simulator	2017	Surgical Endoscopy	Kun Yang ,Manuela Perez ,Gabriela Hossu ,Nicolas Hubert, Cyril Perrenot ,Jacques Hubert	Lorraine University, Nancy, France	Other
The Impact of a Simulation-based Training Lab on Outcomes of Hysterectomy	2016	Journal of Turkish-German Gynecological Association	Mehmet Reşit Asoğlu, Tamar Achjian, Oğuz Akbilgiç, Mostafa A. Borahay, and Gökhan S. S. Kılıç	University of Texas	Predictive
da Vinci© Skills Simulator™: Is an Early Selection of Talented Console Surgeons Possible?	2016	Journal of robotic Surgery	Mark Meier, Kevin Horton, Hubert John	Kantonsspital Winterthur Winterthur Switzerland	Proficiency/Skill
Effect of Spatial Cognitive Ability on Gain in Robot-Assisted Surgical Skills of Urological Surgeons	2016	Journal of Surgical Education	Jun Teishima MD, PhD* Minoru Hattori PhD†, ShogoInoue MD*, Keisuke Hieda MD*, Kohei Kobatake MD*, Shunsuke Shinmei MD, PhD*, Hiroyuki Egi MD, PhD†‡, Hideki Ohdan MD, PhD‡, Akio Matsubara MD, PhD*	Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan	Other
Robotic Training in General Surgery Residency: How Early Can We Begin?	2016	Journal of Surgery and Surgical Research	Antonio Gangemi, Theresa Dunham, Federico Gheza, Gian Maria Contino, Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti	University of Illinois at Chicago	Training Methodology
Robotic Surgery Simulation Validity and Usability Comparative Analysis	2016	Surgical Endoscopy	Tanaka A, Graddy C, Simpson K, Perez M, Truong M, Smith R	Florida Hospital Nicholson Center,	Face, Content, Construct
A New System for Evaluation of Armrest Use in Robotic Surgery and Validation of a New Ergonomic Concept - Armrest Load	2016	Int J Med Robot	Yang K, Perez M, Perrenot C, Hubert N, Felblinger J, Hubert J	Loraine University	Training Methodology
Effectiveness of an Integrated Video Recording and Replaying System in Robotic Surgical Training	2016	Journal of Urology	Kun Yang, MD; Manuela Perez, PhD; Nicolas Hubert, MD; Gabriela Hossu, Phd; Cyril Perrenot, MD; Jacques Hubert, MD	Wuhan University	Training Methodology
Impact of Delay on Telesurgical Performance: Study on the Robotic Simulator dV-Trainer	2016	Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg.	Perez M, Xu S, Chauhan S, Tanaka A, Simpson K, Abdul-Muhsin H, Smith R		Other
Development and Validation of a Novel Robotic Procedure Specific Simulation Platform: Partial Nephrectomy	2015	Journal of Urology	Andrew J.Hung, Swar H.Shah Leonard Dalag Daniel Shin Inderbir S.Gill	University of Southern California	Face, Content, Construct
An Effective Repetitive Training Schedule to Achieve Skill Proficiency Using a Novel Robotic Virtual Reality Simulator	2015	Journal of Surgical Education	Sung Gu Kang PhD, Byung Ju Ryu MD, Kyung Sook Yang PhD, Young Hwii Ko PhD, Seok Cho MD, Seok Ho Kang PhD, Vipul R.Patel MD, Jun Cheon PhD	Korea University School of Medicine	Skill Proficiency
Impact of Laparoscopic Experience on Virtual Robotic Simulator Dexterity	2015	Journal of Minimal Access Surgery	Byung Eun Yoo, Jin Kim, Jae Sung Cho, Jae Won Shin, Dong Won Lee, Jung Myun Kwak, and Seon Hahn Kim	Korea University School of Medicine	Proficiency/Skill
A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality Simulators for Robot-assisted Surgery	2015	European Urology	Andrea Moglia , Vincenzo Ferrari , Luca Morelli , Mauro Ferrari , Franco Mosca and Alfred Cuschieri	ENDOCAS Pisa	Comparison
Comparative Analysis of the Functionality of Simulators of the da Vinci® Surgical Robot	2015	Surgical Endoscopy	Smith R., Truong M., Perez M.	Florida Hospital Nicholson Center,	Comparison
Construction of a Urologic Robotic Surgery Training Curriculum:?How Many Simulator Sessions Are Required for Residents to Achieve Proficiency?	2015	The Journal of Endourology	Scott Wiener, MD, Peter Haddock, PhD, Steven Shichman, MD, and Ryan Dorin, MD	Hartford Hospital	Training Methodology
Comparison of da Vinci® Skills Simulator and dV-Trainer as a Training Tool in Robotic Surgery	2015	Progrès en Urologie	Hubert, M. Perezb, C. Perrenotb, Y. Kunb, Iadi b, S. Xub	Loraine University	Concurrent
Pilot Validation Study of the European Association of Urology Robotic Training Curriculum	2015	European Urology	Alessandro Volpe, Kamran Ahmed, Prokar Dasgupta, Vincenzo Ficarra, Giacomo Novara, Henk van der Poel, Alexandre Mottrie	OLV Vattikuti Robotic Surgery Institute	Training Methodology
Impact of Current Video Game Playing on Robotic Simulation Skills Among Medical Students	2015	Turkish-German Gynecological Association	Tufan Öge, Mostafa A. Borahay, Tamar Achjian, Sami Gökhan Kılıç	Turkey	Other
Comparison of Two Simulation Systems to Support Robotic-Assisted Surgical Training: A Pilot Study (Swine Model)	2015	The Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology	Sabrina V. Whitehurst, MD, Ernest G. Lockrow, DO*, Thomas S. Lendvay, MD,?Anthony M. Propst, MD, Susan G. Dunlow, MD, Christopher J. Rosemeyer, DO,?Joseph M. Gobern, MD, Lee W. White, PhD, Anna Skinner, PhD, and Jerome L. Buller, MD	Uniformed Services University	Training Methodology
Validation of a Novel Virtual Reality Simulator for Robotic Surgery	2014	The Scientific World Journal	Henk W. R. Schreuder, Jan E. U. Persson, Richard G. H. Wolswijk, Ingmar Ihse, Marlies P. Schijven, and René H. M. Verheijen	University Medical Centre Utrecht	Face, Construct
Retention of Robot-Assisted Surgical Skills In Urological Surgeons Acquired Using Mimic Dv-Trainer	2014	Canadian Urological Association Journal	Jun Teishima, MD, PhD, Minoru Hattori, PhD, Shogo Inoue, MD, Kenichiro Ikeda, MD, Keisuke Hieda, MD, Shinya Ohara, MD, PhD, Hiroyuki Egi, MD, PhD, Hideki Ohdan, MD, PhD, and Akio Matsubara, MD, PhD	Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan;	Proficiency/Skill
Robotic Simulators: A Case for the Return on Investment	2014	The Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology	Roger D Smith, PhD; Khara M. Simpson, MD	Florida Hospital Nicholson Center,	Other
Comparison of Quality Outcome Measures in Patients Having a Hysterectomy for Benign Disease	2014	The Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology	Martin A Martino, MD; Elizabeth A Berger, DO; Jeffrey T. McFetrdige, MS; Jocelyn Shubella, BS; Gabrielle Gosniek, BA; Taylor Wejkszner, BA; Gregory F.Kainz, DO; Jeremy Partiacco, BS; M. Bijoy Thomas, MD; Richard Boulay, MDÂ	Leheigh Vallley Network	Other
Determination of the Latency Effects on Surgical Performance and the Acceptable Latency Levels in Telesurgery Using the dV-Trainer Simulator	2014	Surgical Endoscopy	Xu S, Perez M, Yang K, Perrenot C, Felblinger J, Hubert J	Loraine University	Other
Effect of Latency Training on Surgical Performance in Simulated Robotic Telesurgery Procedures	2014	Int J Med Robot	Xu S, Perez M, Yang K, Perrenot C, Felblinger J, Hubert J	Loraine University	Other
Predictive Validity of a Training Protocol Using a Robotic Surgery Simulator	2014	Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery	Patrick Culligan, MD; Emil Gurshumov, MD; Christa Lewis, DO; Jennifer Priestley, PhD; Jodie Koma, BSN; Charbel Salamon, MD	Morristown	Predicative
Guidelines for Privileging for Robotic-Assisted Gynecologic Laparoscopy	2014	The Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology	AAGL	Tacoma	Privelaging & Credentialing
Multidisciplinary Validation Study of The Da Vinci Skills Simulator: Educational Tool and Assessment Device	2013	Journal of Robotic Surgery	Kirsten Foell, Alexander Furse, R. John D’A. Honey, Kenneth T. Pace, Jason Y. Lee	University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada	Face, Content, Construct, Concurrent
Validation of the da Vinci Surgical Skill Simulator Across Three Surgical Disciplines: A pilot study	2013	Canadian Urological Association Journal	Tarek Alzahrani, MD, Richard Haddad, MD, Abdullah Alkhayal, MD, Josée Delisle, MSc, Laura Drudi, MD, Walter Gotlieb, MD, Shannon Fraser, MD, Simon Bergman, MD, Frank Bladou, MD, Sero Andonian, MD, MSc, FRCSC, and Maurice Anidjar, MD, PhD	McGill University, Montreal, QC	Face, Content, Construct
Virtual Reality Training Improves da Vinci Performance: A Prospective Trial	2013	Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques	Jae Sung Cho, Koo Yong Hahn, Jung Myun Kwak, Jin Kim, Se Jin Baek, Jae Won Shin, Seon Hahn Kim	Korea University College of Medicine	Training Methodology
Face, Content and Concurrent Validity of the Mimic® dV-trainer for Robot-assisted Endoscopic Surgery: A Prospective Study	2013	European Surgical Research	Egi, H; Hattori, M; Tokunaga, M; Suzuki, T; Kawaguchi, K; Sawada, H; Ohdan, H	Hiroshima University Japan	Face, Content, Concurrent
Distribution of Innate Ability for Surgery Amongst Medical Students Assessed by an Advanced Virtual Reality Surgical Simulator	2013	Surgical Endoscopy	Andrea Moglia, Vincenzo Ferrari, Luca Morelli, Franca Melfi, Mauro Ferrari, Franco Mosca, Alfred Cuschieri	ENDOCAS Pisa	Proficiency/Skill
A Pilot Study of Surgical Training Using a Virtual Robotic Surgery Simulator	2013	Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons	Tergas AI, Sheth SB, Green IC, Giuntoli RL, Winder AD, Fader AN	Johns Hopkins	Concurrent, Predicative
Prior Experience in Micro-surgery May Improve the Surgeon’s Performance in Robotic Surgical Training	2013	Int J Med Robot	Perez M, Perrenot C, Tran N, Hossu G, Felblinger J, Hubert J	Loraine University	Training Methodology
Comparative Assessment of Three Standardized Robotic Surgery Training Methods	2013	BJU International	Andrew J. Hung, Isuru S. Jayaratna, Kara Teruya, Mihir M. Desai, Inderbir S. Gill, Alvin C. Goh	Methodist Hospital Houston	Training Methodology
Modular Comparison of Laparoscopic and Robotic Simulation Platforms in Residency Training: A Randomized Trial	2013	Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology	Mostafa A. Borahay, MD; Mary C. Haver, MD; Benjamin Eastham, MD; Pooja R. Patel, MD; and Gokhan S. Kilic, MD	Univerity of Texas	Training Methodology
Validation of a Simulation Tool to Support Robotic-Assisted Surgical Training	2013	Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology	Sabrina Whitehurst, MD; Ernest Lockrow, DO; Thomas S Lendvay, MD; Joseph M. Gobern, MD; Anthony Skinner, MD; J.L. Buller, MD	University of Wahington	Training Methodology
Virtual Reality Robotic Surgery Warm-Up Improves Task Performance in a Dry Laboratory Environment: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study	2013	Journal of the American College of Surgeons	Lendvay TS, Brand TC, White L, Kowalewski T, Jonnadula S, Mercer LD, Khorsand D, Andros J, Hannaford B, Satava RM	University of Wahington	Concurrent
Validation Study of a Virtual Reality Robotic Simulator-Role as an Assessment Tool?	2012	Journal of Urology	Jason Y.Lee, Phillip Mucksavage, David C.Kerbl, Victor B.Huynh, Mohamed Etafy, Elspeth M.McDougal	University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada	Face, content, construct, concurrent
Impact of Laparoscopic Experience on the Proficiency Gain of Urologic Surgeons in Robot-Assisted Surgery	2012	Journal of Endourology	Jun Teishima, Minoru Hattori, Shogo Inoue, Kenichiro Ikeda,Keisuke Hieda, Katsutoshi Miyamoto, Koichi Shoji, Tetsutaro Hayashi, Kanao Kobayashi, Mitsuru Kajiwara, Hiroyuki Egi, Hideki Ohdan, Akio Matsubara	Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.	Comparison
Face, Content, and Construct Validation of the da Vinci Skills Simulator	2012	Urology	Douglas C.Kelly, Andrew C.Margules, Chandan R.Kundavaram, Hadley Narins, Leonard G.Gomell,Edouard J.Trabulsi, Costas D.Lallas	Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Face, Content, Construct
Using Simulators to Measure Communication Latency Effects in Robotic Telesurgery	2012	Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference	Roger Smith, Sanket Chauhan	Florida Hospital Nicholson Center,	Other
da Vinci Skills Simulator Construct Validation Study: Correlation of Prior Robotic Experience With Overall Score and Time Score Simulator Performance	2012	Urology	Kyle T. Finnegan, Anoop M. Meraney, Ilene Staff, and Steven J. Shichman	Hartford Hospital	Construct
The Virtual Reality Simulator dV-Trainer is a Valid Assessment Tool for Robotic Surgical Skills	2012	Surgical Endoscopy	Cyril Perrenot, Manuela Perez, Nguyen Tran, Jean-Philippe Jehl, Jacques Felblinger, Laurent Bresler, Jacques Hubert	Nancy University	Face, Content, Construct, Concurrent
Validation, Correlation, and Comparison of the da Vinci Trainer and the da Vinci Surgical Skills Simulator Using the Mimic Software for Urologic Robotic Surgical Education	2012	Journal of Endourology	Michael A. Liss, Corollos Abdelshehid, Stephen Quach, Achim Lusch, Joseph Graversen, Jaime Landman, Elspeth McDougall	UCI	Face, Content, Construct
Robotic Surgery Training with Commercially Available Simulation Systems in 2011: A Current Review and Practice Pattern Survey from the Society of Urologic Robotic Surgeons	2012	Journal of Endourology	Costas D. Lallas, John W. Davis, and Members of the Society of Urologic Robotic Surgery	University of Philedelphia	Comparison
Concurrent and Predictive Validation of a Novel Robotic Surgery Simulator	2012	Journal of Urology	Andrew J. Hung, Mukul B. Patil, Pascal Zehnder, Jie Cai, Casey K. Ng, Monish Aron, Inderbir S. Gill and Mihir M. Desai	USC	Concurrent, Predicative
Face and Construct Validity Assessment of 2nd Generation Robotic Surgery Simulator	2011	Journal of Urology	Ruslan Korets, Joseph A. Graversen, Adam C. Mues, Mantu Gupta, Jaime Landman, Ketan K. Badani	Columbia University, NY	Face, Construct
Comparison of Robotic Surgery Skill Acquisition Between Dv-trainer and Da Vinci Surgical System: A Randomized Controlled Study	2011	Journal of Urology	Ruslan Korets, Adam C. Mues, Joseph A. Graversen, Mantu Gupta, Jaime Landman, Ketan K. Badani	Columbia University, New York	Comparison
Validating the Use of the Mimic dV-Trainer for Robotic Surgery Skill Acquisition Among Urology Residents	2011	Urology	Korets R, Mues AC, Graversen JA, Gupta M, Benson MC, Cooper KL, Landman J, Badani KK	Columbia University	Face, Construct, Concurrent
A Study on the Learning Curve of the Robotic Virtual Reality Simulator	2011	Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques	Kang SG, Yang KS, Ko YH, Kang SH, Park HS, Lee JG, Kim JJ, Cheon J	Korea Univesity School of Medecine	Training Methodology
Navigating Credentialing, Privileging, and Learning Curves in Robotics With an Evidence and Experienced-Based Approach	2011	Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology	JOHN P. LENIHAN, Jr, MD, FACOG	Tacoma	Privelaging & Credentialing
Concurrent and Predictive Validation of a Novel Robotic Surgery Simulator	2011	Journal of Urology	Andrew J. Hung, Mukul B. Patil, Pascal Zehnder, Jie Cai, Casey K. Ng, Monish Aron, Inderbir S. Gill and Mihir M. Desai	USC	Face, Content, Construct
Face, Content and Construct Validity of a Novel Robotic Surgery Simulator	2011	Journal of Urology	Andrew J. Hung,* Pascal Zehnder, Mukul B. Patil, Jie Cai, Casey K. Ng, Monish Aron, Inderbir S. Gill	USC	Face, Content, Construct
Does Training on a Virtual Reality Robotic Simulator Improve Performance on the da Vinci® Surgical System?	2010	Journal of Endourology	Michelle A. Lerner, Mikias Ayalew, William J. Peine, Chandru P. Sundaram	Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.	Other
Validation of a Novel Virtual Reality Robotic Simulator	2009	Validation of a Novel Virtual Reality Robotic Simulator	Amanjot S. Sethi, MD; William J. Peine, PhD; Yousef Mohammadi, BS; and Chandru P. Sundaram, MD	Indiana University	Content
Face, Content, and Construct Validity of dV-Trainer, a Novel Virtual Reality Simulator for Robotic Surgery	2009	Urology	Kenney PA, Wszolek MF, Gould JJ, Libertino JA, Moinzadeh A	Lahey Clinic	Face, Content, Construct
Initial Validation of a Virtual-Reality Robotic Simulator	2008	Journal of Robotic Surgery	Thomas S. Lendvay, Pasquale Casale,  Robert Sweet, Craig Peters	University of Wahington	Face